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TIME: Almanac 1993
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1992-08-28
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MEDICINE, Page 79Way Out of Reach
A schizophrenia drug is too costly for those who need it most
For many who suffer from chronic schizophrenia, the drug
clozapine seems to work miracles. One woman who thought she was
God and could control the weather was in and out of mental
institutions 35 times before starting on the antipsychotic
drug. After only a few weeks of treatment, she was free from
delusions and making plans to go to college. Clozapine,
approved by the Food and Drug Administration in February, could
benefit an estimated 100,000 people in the U.S.
But the patients who need the drug most face a huge barrier:
treatment costs nearly $9,000 a year. The drug is a patented
product, available in the U.S. under the brand name Clozaril
only from New Jersey-based Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary
of Sandoz International of Basel, Switzerland. The company's
explanation for the steep price is that clozapine occasionally
causes fatal side effects, so patients must be required to have
regular blood tests to make sure they are tolerating the drug.
The expense of the tests pushes clozapine beyond the reach of
the majority of schizophrenics, many of whom are poor and
underinsured, and Medicaid programs in most states have not
been willing to cover the cost. As a result, only 5,500
Americans have begun the therapy.
That situation has stirred outrage, not only from patients
but also from law makers, public health-insurance officials and
many of the nation's prominent mental-health professionals.
Last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Carl
Salzman, an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard
Medical School, called Sandoz's actions "monopolistic" and
demanded that the drug company and health officials come to an
agreement that would make the drug more accessible to "the
patients for whom it is intended." Earlier this month,
Democratic Senator David Pryor of Arkansas introduced
legislation that would reduce Sandoz's control of the
blood-monitoring system, which he charged had "taken patient
care out of the hands of doctors and put it into the hands of
drug manufacturers."
No one denies clozapine must be carefully handled. Up to 2%
of those who take the drug develop agranulocytosis, an
immune-system disorder that is often fatal if left undetected.
The FDA was fully aware of this danger: the drug had been
released earlier in Europe and withdrawn temporarily for just
this reason. But the regulators decided the drug's potential
usefulness was too great to keep it off the market. To address
the safety question, the FDA ruled that Sandoz must devise a
blood-monitoring system that would spot early signs of the fatal
complication.
However, critics maintain that the system Sandoz came up
with -- in which patients cannot get their weekly dose unless
they provide Sandoz, or a company under contract to Sandoz,
with a blood sample -- is no more than an elaborate form of
gouging. "There are many, many ways to do the same job for a
lot less money," said Harvard's Salzman. He and others argue
that most hospitals and mental-health clinics could conduct the
same testing at a lower cost. They point out that in Europe,
where the blood testing is not mandatory, the drug costs only
about $1,300 a year. Salzman calls the refusal of some state
Medicaid programs to pay the full price of clozapine
"outrageous," since they often shell out up to $50,000 a year
for procedures like kidney dialysis. In addition, Salzman
suggests that U.S. lawmakers could ease Sandoz's liability
concerns by providing indemnity.
Several state attorneys general are investigating Sandoz for
possible antitrust violations, while a handful of advocacy
groups have launched lawsuits to force Medicaid to pick up the
clozapine tab. But to patients with schizophrenia, these legal
and legislative maneuverings mean little. All that matters to
them is an impossible price tag standing between their current
mental anguish and a productive life.
By Andrew Purvis.